文件(2)

2018-02-24 15:48 更新

上一節(jié),對文件有了初步認識。要牢記,文件無非也是一種類型的數(shù)據(jù)。

文件的狀態(tài)

很多時候,我們需要獲取一個文件的有關(guān)狀態(tài)(也稱為屬性),比如創(chuàng)建日期,訪問日期,修改日期,大小,等等。在os模塊中,有這樣一個方法,專門讓我們查看文件的這些狀態(tài)參數(shù)的。

>>> import os
>>> file_stat = os.stat("131.txt")      #查看這個文件的狀態(tài)
>>> file_stat                           #文件狀態(tài)是這樣的。從下面的內(nèi)容,有不少從英文單詞中可以猜測出來。
posix.stat_result(st_mode=33204, st_ino=5772566L, st_dev=2049L, st_nlink=1, st_uid=1000, st_gid=1000, st_size=69L, st_atime=1407897031, st_mtime=1407734600, st_ctime=1407734600)

>>> file_stat.st_ctime                  #這個是文件創(chuàng)建時間
1407734600.0882277                      

這是什么時間?看不懂!別著急,換一種方式。在python中,有一個模塊time,是專門針對時間設(shè)計的。

>>> import time                         
>>> time.localtime(file_stat.st_ctime)  #這回看清楚了。
time.struct_time(tm_year=2014, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=11, tm_hour=13, tm_min=23, tm_sec=20, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=223, tm_isdst=0)

read/readline/readlines

上節(jié)中,簡單演示了如何讀取文件內(nèi)容,但是,在用dir(file)的時候,會看到三個函數(shù):read/readline/readlines,它們各自有什么特點,為什么要三個?一個不行嗎?

在讀者向下看下面內(nèi)容之前,請想一想,如果要回答這個問題,你要用什么方法?注意,我問的是用什么方法能夠找到答案,不是問答案內(nèi)容是什么。因為內(nèi)容,肯定是在某個地方存放著呢,關(guān)鍵是用什么方法找到。

搜索?是一個不錯的方法。

還有一種,就是在交互模式下使用的,你肯定也想到了。

>>> help(file.read)

用這樣的方法,可以分別得到三個函數(shù)的說明:

read(...)
    read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string.

    If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
    Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested
    may be returned, even if no size parameter was given.

readline(...)
    readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string.

    Retain newline.  A non-negative size argument limits the maximum
    number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).
    Return an empty string at EOF.

readlines(...)
    readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file.

    Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read.
    The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the
    total number of bytes in the lines returned.

對照一下上面的說明,三個的異同就顯現(xiàn)了。

EOF什么意思?End-of-file。在維基百科中居然有對它的解釋:

In computing, End Of File (commonly abbreviated EOF[1]) is a condition in a computer operating system where no more data can be read from a data source. The data source is usually called a file or stream. In general, the EOF is either determined when the reader returns null as seen in Java's BufferedReader,[2] or sometimes people will manually insert an EOF character of their choosing to signal when the file has ended.

明白EOF之后,就對比一下:

  • read:如果指定了參數(shù)size,就按照該指定長度從文件中讀取內(nèi)容,否則,就讀取全文。被讀出來的內(nèi)容,全部塞到一個字符串里面。這樣有好處,就是東西都到內(nèi)存里面了,隨時取用,比較快捷;“成也蕭何敗蕭何”,也是因為這點,如果文件內(nèi)容太多了,內(nèi)存會吃不消的。文檔中已經(jīng)提醒注意在“non-blocking”模式下的問題,關(guān)于這個問題,不是本節(jié)的重點,暫時不討論。
  • readline:那個可選參數(shù)size的含義同上。它則是以行為單位返回字符串,也就是每次讀一行,依次循環(huán),如果不限定size,直到最后一個返回的是空字符串,意味著到文件末尾了(EOF)。
  • readlines:size同上。它返回的是以行為單位的列表,即相當于先執(zhí)行readline(),得到每一行,然后把這一行的字符串作為列表中的元素塞到一個列表中,最后將此列表返回。

依次演示操作,即可明了。有這樣一個文檔,名曰:you.md,其內(nèi)容和基本格式如下:

You Raise Me Up When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary; When troubles come and my heart burdened be; Then, I am still and wait here in the silence, Until you come and sit awhile with me. You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains; You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas; I am strong, when I am on your shoulders; You raise me up: To more than I can be.

分別用上述三種函數(shù)讀取這個文件。

>>> f = open("you.md")
>>> content = f.read()
>>> content
'You Raise Me Up\nWhen I am down and, oh my soul, so weary;\nWhen troubles come and my heart burdened be;\nThen, I am still and wait here in the silence,\nUntil you come and sit awhile with me.\nYou raise me up, so I can stand on mountains;\nYou raise me up, to walk on stormy seas;\nI am strong, when I am on your shoulders;\nYou raise me up: To more than I can be.\n'
>>> f.close()

提示:養(yǎng)成一個好習慣,只要打開文件,不用該文件了,就一定要隨手關(guān)閉它。如果不關(guān)閉它,它還駐留在內(nèi)存中,后面又沒有對它的操作,是不是浪費內(nèi)存空間了呢?同時也增加了文件安全的風險。

注意:在python中,'\n'表示換行,這也是UNIX系統(tǒng)中的規(guī)范。但是,在奇葩的windows中,用'\r\n'表示換行。python在處理這個的時候,會自動將'\r\n'轉(zhuǎn)換為'\n'。

請仔細觀察,得到的就是一個大大的字符串,但是這個字符串里面包含著一些符號\n,因為原文中有換行符。如果用print輸出這個字符串,就是這樣的了,其中的\n起作用了。

>>> print content
You Raise Me Up
When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary;
When troubles come and my heart burdened be;
Then, I am still and wait here in the silence,
Until you come and sit awhile with me.
You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains;
You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas;
I am strong, when I am on your shoulders;
You raise me up: To more than I can be.

readline()讀取,則是這樣的:

>>> f = open("you.md")
>>> f.readline()
'You Raise Me Up\n'
>>> f.readline()
'When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary;\n'
>>> f.readline()
'When troubles come and my heart burdened be;\n'
>>> f.close()

顯示出一行一行讀取了,每操作一次f.readline(),就讀取一行,并且將指針向下移動一行,如此循環(huán)。顯然,這種是一種循環(huán),或者說可迭代的。因此,就可以用循環(huán)語句來完成對全文的讀取。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8

f = open("you.md")

while True:
    line = f.readline()
    if not line:         #到EOF,返回空字符串,則終止循環(huán)
        break
    print line ,         #注意后面的逗號,去掉print語句后面的'\n',保留原文件中的換行

f.close()                #別忘記關(guān)閉文件

將其和文件"you.md"保存在同一個目錄中,我這里命名的文件名是12701.py,然后在該目錄中運行python 12701.py,就看到下面的效果了:

~/Documents$ python 12701.py 
You Raise Me Up
When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary;
When troubles come and my heart burdened be;
Then, I am still and wait here in the silence,
Until you come and sit awhile with me.
You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains;
You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas;
I am strong, when I am on your shoulders;
You raise me up: To more than I can be.

也用readlines()來讀取此文件:

>>> f = open("you.md")
>>> content = f.readlines()
>>> content
['You Raise Me Up\n', 'When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary;\n', 'When troubles come and my heart burdened be;\n', 'Then, I am still and wait here in the silence,\n', 'Until you come and sit awhile with me.\n', 'You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains;\n', 'You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas;\n', 'I am strong, when I am on your shoulders;\n', 'You raise me up: To more than I can be.\n']

返回的是一個列表,列表中每個元素都是一個字符串,每個字符串中的內(nèi)容就是文件的一行文字,含行末的符號。顯而易見,它是可以用for來循環(huán)的。

>>> for line in content:
...     print line ,
... 
You Raise Me Up
When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary;
When troubles come and my heart burdened be;
Then, I am still and wait here in the silence,
Until you come and sit awhile with me.
You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains;
You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas;
I am strong, when I am on your shoulders;
You raise me up: To more than I can be.
>>> f.close()

讀很大的文件

前面已經(jīng)說明了,如果文件太大,就不能用read()或者readlines()一次性將全部內(nèi)容讀入內(nèi)存,可以使用while循環(huán)和readlin()來完成這個任務(wù)。

此外,還有一個方法:fileinput模塊

>>> import fileinput
>>> for line in fileinput.input("you.md"):
...     print line ,
... 
You Raise Me Up
When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary;
When troubles come and my heart burdened be;
Then, I am still and wait here in the silence,
Until you come and sit awhile with me.
You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains;
You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas;
I am strong, when I am on your shoulders;
You raise me up: To more than I can be.

我比較喜歡這個,用起來是那么得心應(yīng)手,簡潔明快,還用for。

對于這個模塊的更多內(nèi)容,讀者可以自己在交互模式下利用dir(),help()去查看明白。

還有一種方法,更為常用:

>>> for line in f:
...     print line ,
... 
You Raise Me Up
When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary;
When troubles come and my heart burdened be;
Then, I am still and wait here in the silence,
Until you come and sit awhile with me.
You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains;
You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas;
I am strong, when I am on your shoulders;
You raise me up: To more than I can be.

之所以能夠如此,是因為file是可迭代的數(shù)據(jù)類型,直接用for來迭代即可。

seek

這個函數(shù)的功能就是讓指針移動。特別注意,它是以字節(jié)為單位進行移動的。比如:

>>> f = open("you.md")
>>> f.readline()
'You Raise Me Up\n'
>>> f.readline()
'When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary;\n'

現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)移動到第四行末尾了,看seek()的能力:

>>> f.seek(0)

意圖是要回到文件的最開頭,那么如果用f.readline()應(yīng)該讀取第一行。

>>> f.readline()
'You Raise Me Up\n'

果然如此。此時指針所在的位置,還可以用tell()來顯示,如

>>> f.tell()
17L
>>> f.seek(4)

f.seek(4)就將位置定位到從開頭算起的第四個字符后面,也就是"You "之后,字母"R"之前的位置。

>>> f.tell()
4L

tell()也是這么說的。這時候如果使用readline(),得到就是從當前位置開始到行末。

>>> f.readline()
'Raise Me Up\n'
>>> f.close()

seek()還有別的參數(shù),具體如下:

seek(...) seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position.

Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file). If the file is opened in text mode, only offsets returned by tell() are legal. Use of other offsets causes undefined behavior. Note that not all file objects are seekable.

whence的值:

  • 默認值是0,表示從文件開頭開始計算指針偏移的量(簡稱偏移量)。這是offset必須是大于等于0的整數(shù)。
  • 是1時,表示從當前位置開始計算偏移量。offset如果是負數(shù),表示從當前位置向前移動,整數(shù)表示向后移動。
  • 是2時,表示相對文件末尾移動。
以上內(nèi)容是否對您有幫助:
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